japanese earthquake 2011

Some of the most widely reported reason for these deaths include "Physical and mental fatigue caused by life in temporary shelter", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by evacuation", "Delayed treatment due to an inoperative hospital", "Physical and mental fatigue caused by stress from the earthquake and tsunami". Very low levels of radioactive chemicals that leaked from Fukushima have been detected along the North American coast offshore Canada and California. The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost 4 m (13 ft). The tsunami waves also traveled across the Pacific, reaching Alaska, Hawaii and Chile. [151][152][153][154][155][156][157] The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670-kilometre-long (420 mi) stretch of coastline from Erimo, Hokkaido, in the north to Ōarai, Ibaraki, in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake. [68] Aftershocks follow Omori's law, which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake. The effects of the great earthquake were felt around the world, from Norway's fjords to Antarctica's ice sheet. ", Liquefaction driving away Chiba residents, Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot shows the risk of reclaimed land, "Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth's Axis", "Magnitude 7.1 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN", "Fresh quake triggers tsunami warning in Japan", "Four dead as new tremor hits Japan disaster zone", "At least 6 killed in new Japan earthquake", "USGS 10-degree Map Centered at 35°N,140°E of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or over", "Aftershocks Associated With Impaired Health Caused by the Great East Japan Disaster Among Youth Across Japan: A National Cross-Sectional Survey Interact J Med Res 2013;2(2):e31", "Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck", 経験則からのずれ ―はじめの数秒と強震動：τc, Pd，スペクトル，簡易震源域推定方法―, "Earthquake Early Warning and Tsunami Warning of JMA for the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake", "Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake", "Distance between Dichato, Chile and Sendai, Japan is 17228km", "Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves", "Chilean site: (Tsunami) waves penetrated 70–100 m in different parts of the country", "Tsunami Information (Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height)", Helmholtz Research Centre for Geosciences, Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Japan tsunami: Toll could rise to more than 1,300, "News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered", "10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref", "Japan 8.9-magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami", "Earthquake, tsunami wreak havoc in Japan", Tsunami hit more than 100 designated evacuation sites, "9,500 unaccounted for in Miyagi's Minamisanriku: local gov't", "東北地方太平洋沖地震を教訓とした地震・津波対策に関する専門調査会中間とりまとめ", U.S. rescue teams find devastation in northern city of Ofunato, "Whole towns gone-no cars or people seen", "Honderden doden in Japanse kuststad (Hundreds dead in Japanese coastal town)" (in Dutch), "Japan army says 300–400 bodies found in Rikuzentakata: Report", Miyagi coastal whaling port pulverized, little more than memory, 'Nothing can prepare you to witness this', Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds, "Japan disaster: 30 powerful images of the earthquake and tsunami", Survivors on cut-off isle were ready for disaster, Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation), "Tsunami Information NUMBER 64(Tsunami Observations)", "Executive Summary of Urgent Field Survey of Earthquake and Tsunami Disasters by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake", "Researchers: 30-meter tsunami in Ofunato", "38-meter-high tsunami triggered by 11 March quake: survey", Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, "東北地方太平洋沖地震による津波被害を踏まえた津波警報の改善の方向性について（最終とりまとめ）", "Evacuate all coastal areas immediately, Hawaii Civil Defense says", "Text of PTWC Pacific-wide tsunami warning", "Tsunami from Japanese quake prompts evacuation of 11,000 residents on Russia's Pacific islands", "Tsunami Warning and Advisory No. Most of these deaths occurred in Fukushima prefecture, where the prefecture government has suggested that they could be due to evacuations caused by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The 2011 Tohoku earthquake struck offshore of Japan, along a subduction zone where two of Earth's tectonic plates collide. [277], The expected electricity crisis in 2011 summer was successfully prevented thanks to all the setsuden measures. Still no idea on casualities but it seems it can be high. The event began with a powerful earthquake off the coast of Honshu, Japan’s main island, which initiated a series of large … [282][283][284], A 220,000-barrel (35,000 m3)-per-day[285] oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo. The heat build-up caused the generation of hydrogen gas. While the Japan Trench was known for creating large quakes, it had not been expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude. A spill of "up to 3.8 litres" of radioactive water also occurred at Onagawa following the aftershock. Two days of seismic activity made available by the IRIS Consortium were compressed into two minutes of sound. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees. [5], The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[34][35] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[36] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland. KGW estimates that more than 1 million tons of debris still remain in the Pacific Ocean. [194][195] There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion). [255], The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot. [58] The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history. In a subduction zone, one plate slides beneath another into the mantle, the hotter layer beneath the crust. Odaiba also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal. Of these, only nine reactors in five power plants were operating after having been restarted post-2011. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ-2011-000028-JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center. To prevent under-reporting of tsunami heights, early quantitative observation data that are smaller than the expected amplitude will be overridden and the public will instead be told that the situation is under observation. The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture. For the aftershock that occurred on 7 April, see, In the early days after the earthquake some other names were proposed and used. The large number of views made the video one of the most popular examples of sonification on the web. Scientists drilled into the subduction zone soon after the earthquake and discovered a thin, slippery clay layer lining the fault. On 11 March 2011, a massive 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Japanese coastline at 14:46. The great plates are rough and stick together, building up energy that is released as earthquakes. [266], Tōhoku Electric Power was not able to provide the Kanto region with additional power because TEP's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake. On March 11, 2011, at 2:46:23 p.m., a magnitude (M) 9.0 earthquake occurred approximately 130 km off the east coast of Japan (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS], 2011). [211], Of the 13,135 fatalities recovered by 11 April 2011, 12,143 or 92.5% died by drowning. The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki quake was the most powerful earthquake known to hit Japan and the fifth-most powerful quake ever recorded. [38][39][40] This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day, the tilt of the Earth, and the Chandler wobble. [40] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. The reservoir at one concrete gravity dam suffered a small non-serious slope failure. Services on Yamagata Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 31 March. [43][44][45][46], The tsunami swept the Japanese mainland and killed over ten thousand people, mainly through drowning, though blunt trauma also caused many deaths. [351] This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home. The country recently unveiled a newly installed, upgraded tsunami warning system. [377], According to Japan's foreign ministry, 116 countries and 28 international organizations offered assistance. Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days, until running at approximately 80% capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Nippon TV, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, TV Tokyo, Tokyo MX, TV Kanagawa, and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011. [173][174], Shortly after the earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific. Aftershocks continued, many exceeding magnitude-7.0. [201][202], The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported land subsidence based on the height of triangulation stations in the area measured by GPS as compared to their previous values from 14 April 2011. [348] Services on Akita Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 18 March. Such discrepancies in the warning were attributed by the JMA to the system's inability to distinguish between two different earthquakes that happened at around same time, as well as to the reduced number of reporting seismometers due to power outages and connection fails. Trace amounts of cesium-134 and cesium-137 (radioactive isotopes) were found in seawater collected in 2014 and 2015. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat after a Generation II reactor has been shut down, and to maintain spent fuel pools. [278] The peak electricity consumption within TEP's area was 12.46GW during the 2011 summer, 3.11GW (20%) less than the peak consumption in the previous year, and the overall consumption have been reduced by 11% in July with 17% in August compared to previous year. [12][32][33] The earthquake was not a factor," Titov said. In Sendai, a 145,000-barrel (23,100 m3)-per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, JX Nippon Oil & Energy, was also set ablaze by the quake. Because of the unquestioning nature of most Japanese media to hold to the "party line", many Japanese mid-level officials and experts spoke to foreign media to get their opinions and observations publicized. [401], 2011 magnitude 9.0 - 9.1 earthquake off the coast of Japan, "2011 Miyagi earthquake" redirects here. The plant's three reactors automatically shut down without damage and all safety systems functioned as designed. [54][265] By 21 March 2011, this number fell to 1.04 million. The source area of this earthquake has a relatively high coupling coefficient surrounded by areas of relatively low coupling coefficients in the west, north, and south. Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area. [205], In Japan, the National Police Agency has confirmed 15,899 deaths,[206] 6,157 injured,[207] and 2,529 people missing[208] across twenty prefectures. However, the strong quake had exceeded the measurement limit of all of the teleseismometers within Japan, and thus it was impossible to calculate the moment magnitude based on data from those seismometers. 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