is mercury a gas giant

[118][119] A study has shown that acute exposure (4–8 hours) to calculated elemental mercury levels of 1.1 to 44 mg/m3 resulted in chest pain, dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, impairment of pulmonary function, and evidence of interstitial pneumonitis. [31], Former mines in Italy, the United States and Mexico, which once produced a large proportion of the world supply, have now been completely mined out or, in the case of Slovenia (Idrija) and Spain (Almadén), shut down due to the fall of the price of mercury. Gas giants are sometimes known as failed stars because they contain the same basic elements as a star. An f shell poorly screens the nuclear charge that increases the attractive Coulomb interaction of the 6s shell and the nucleus (see lanthanide contraction). . The patio process and later pan amalgamation process continued to create great demand for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 19th century. This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 05:58. The FDA has "inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness" of the mercury ingredients in these products. Historically, mercury was used extensively in. Although it was widely speculated that this mercury-based preservative could cause or trigger autism in children, scientific studies showed no evidence supporting any such link. If anyone knows how to get this thesis into the hands of someone at NASA or JPL, that is studying Mercury or has a scientific interest in the planets, please contact me. Because mercury and methylmercury are fat soluble, they primarily accumulate in the viscera, although they are also found throughout the muscle tissue. It is small and rocky. Tremor initially involves the hands and later spreads to the eyelids, lips, and tongue. "Chlorine Online Diagram of mercury cell process", "Liquid-mirror telescope set to give stargazing a new spin", "Laval University Liquid mirrors and adaptive optics group", "Population-Based Inorganic Mercury Biomonitoring and the Identification of Skin Care Products as a Source of Exposure in New York City", "IMERC Fact Sheet: Mercury Use in Batteries", "Did the Mad Hatter have mercury poisoning? The World Health Organization, OSHA, and NIOSH all treat mercury as an occupational hazard, and have established specific occupational exposure limits. [135] In July 2007, the European Union also banned mercury in non-electrical measuring devices, such as thermometers and barometers. Although that can be considered a natural level of exposure, regional or global sources have significant effects. Although this form of mercury appears to be less toxic than other forms, its use in traditional Chinese medicine has not yet been justified, as the therapeutic basis for the use of cinnabar is not clear.[49]. Toxic effects include damage to the brain, kidneys and lungs. "Chapter 3: Manufacturing Processes Involving Mercury. The coefficient of volume expansion is 181.59 × 10−6 at 0 °C, 181.71 × 10−6 at 20 °C and 182.50 × 10−6 at 100 °C (per °C). It is also used in fluorescent lighting. Mercury(II) fulminate is a primary explosive which is mainly used as a primer of a cartridge in firearms. Mercury(I) hydride, a colorless gas, has the formula HgH, containing no Hg-Hg bond. It is approximately 1% of the strength of Earth’s. Mercury’s Neighbors. [35], Abandoned mercury mine processing sites often contain very hazardous waste piles of roasted cinnabar calcines. Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. Nevada's McDermitt Mine, the last mercury mine in the United States, closed in 1992. For this reason, Uranus and Neptune are … [93] Protocols call for physically merging smaller droplets on hard surfaces, combining them into a single larger pool for easier removal with an eyedropper, or for gently pushing the spill into a disposable container. [131], The EPA announced new rules for coal-fired power plants on 22 December 2011. induces disproportionation to Hg2+ and elemental mercury. Fish and shellfish have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of methylmercury, a highly toxic organic compound of mercury. The absence of a filled inner f shell is the reason for the somewhat higher melting temperature of cadmium and zinc, although both these metals still melt easily and, in addition, have unusually low boiling points. I got to thinking, and wondered whether Mercury might be such an object. Emerging out the bottom, the pressure is now intense, and it's starting to get quite warm, and there's nothing but the dark abyss of ever-denser hydrogen gas beneath you. The gas and ice giant planets take longer to orbit the Sun because of their great distances. [128], The United States Clean Air Act, passed in 1990, put mercury on a list of toxic pollutants that need to be controlled to the greatest possible extent. Concave horizontal parabolic mirrors may be formed by rotating liquid mercury on a disk, the parabolic form of the liquid thus formed reflecting and focusing incident light. [11] Hydroxides of mercury are poorly characterized, as they are for its neighbors gold and silver. Despite claims otherwise,[37] Hg(III) and Hg(IV) compounds remain unknown.[38][39]. So it makes sense to think that a gas planet must be like a big, airy cloud floating out in space. In 2002, the U.S. Senate passed legislation to phase out the sale of non-prescription mercury thermometers. Most thermometers now use pigmented alcohol instead of mercury, and galinstan alloy thermometers are also an option. The three largest point sources for mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines. [90] In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System. The core is approximately 2,200 to 2,400 miles in diameter. [16], In China and Tibet, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health, although it is now known that exposure to mercury vapor leads to serious adverse health effects. The farther away they are, the more time it takes to make one trip around the Sun. [123] Chelation therapy with both drugs resulted in the mobilization of a small fraction of the total estimated body mercury. [17] The "first" emperor of China, Qín Shǐ Huáng Dì—allegedly buried in a tomb that contained rivers of flowing mercury on a model of the land he ruled, representative of the rivers of China—was killed by drinking a mercury and powdered jade mixture formulated by Qin alchemists (causing liver failure, mercury poisoning, and brain death) who intended to give him eternal life. The equation for this extraction is. Several laws give the EPA this authority, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Safe Drinking Water Act. [55], Some transit telescopes use a basin of mercury to form a flat and absolutely horizontal mirror, useful in determining an absolute vertical or perpendicular reference. [53] After about 1985, all new chloralkali production facilities that were built in the United States used membrane cell or diaphragm cell technologies to produce chlorine. ", "Mercury and the environment — Basic facts", "Liquid mercury found under Mexican pyramid could lead to king's tomb", "Metacinnabar: Mineral information, data and localities", "Mercury Recycling in the United States in 2000", "Mercury in traditional medicines: is cinnabar toxicologically similar to common mercurials? Organomercury compounds are always divalent and usually two-coordinate and linear geometry. [22][23] By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams (Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury") with other metals. Like ZnS, HgS crystallizes in two forms, the reddish cubic form and the black zinc blende form. Credit: NASA Coined by the science fiction writer, James Blish, this is another term used to describe the 4 outermost planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Edlich, Richard F.; Rhoads, Samantha K.; Cantrell, Holly S.; Azavedo, Sabrina M. and Newkirk, Anthony T. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, standard conditions for temperature and pressure, membrane cell or diaphragm cell technologies, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements And Inorganic Compounds", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Why is mercury liquid? mercury cadmium telluride and mercury zinc telluride being semiconductors useful as infrared detector materials.[42]. 15918 I was reminded today of the idea of a chthonian planet. Scientists refer to the atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter as being more “polluted” because they have larger percentages of heavy metals such as methane and ammonia. Initially, the Spanish Crown's mines in Almadén in Southern Spain supplied all the mercury for the colonies. Former mercury mines may be suited for constructive re-use. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. mercury This metal or one of its… 11% from gold production. Mercury-containing compounds are also of use in the field of structural biology. Ask for details ; Follow Report by Sonya36 27.06.2019 Log in to add a comment For example, Williston Lake in northern British Columbia, created by the damming of the Peace River in 1968, is still sufficiently contaminated with mercury that it is inadvisable to consume fish from the lake. When dropped, elemental mercury breaks into smaller droplets which can go through small cracks or become strongly attached to certain materials. When Mercury’s dynamo began to weaken, the solar winds began to blow its atmosphere into space. [20], In November 2014 "large quantities" of mercury were discovered in a chamber 60 feet below the 1800-year-old pyramid known as the "Temple of the Feathered Serpent," "the third largest pyramid of Teotihuacan," Mexico along with "jade statues, jaguar remains, a box filled with carved shells and rubber balls. . [134] There are restrictions for mercury concentration in packaging (the limit is 100 ppm for sum of mercury, lead, hexavalent chromium and cadmium) and batteries (the limit is 5 ppm). [25], Mercury is an extremely rare element in Earth's crust, having an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million (ppm). [18][19] Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun, the second Tulunid ruler of Egypt (r. 884–896), known for his extravagance and profligacy, reportedly built a basin filled with mercury, on which he would lie on top of air-filled cushions and be rocked to sleep. A still increasing amount is used as gaseous mercury in fluorescent lamps, while most of the other applications are slowly phased out due to health and safety regulations and is in some applications replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive Galinstan alloy.[44]. The first edition of the Merck's Manual featured many mercuric compounds[45] such as: Mercury is an ingredient in dental amalgams. I was investigating exoplanet data and noticed that some gas giants near stars show signs of evaporating due to being too close to the star. [15], Mercury was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BC. Population-based biomonitoring also showed that mercury concentration levels are higher in consumers of seafood and fish meals.[68]. Mercury remains in use in scientific research applications and in amalgam for dental restoration in some locales. We see the cloud tops (beneath a transparent, mostly hydrogen upper atmosphere). Thus, industries that release high concentrations of mercury into the environment agreed to install maximum achievable control technologies (MACT). [127] North America contributed approximately 11% of the total global anthropogenic mercury emissions in 1995. Mercury dissolves many metals such as gold and silver to form amalgams. Some medical thermometers, especially those for high temperatures, are filled with mercury; they are gradually disappearing. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. This use allows a new uncontaminated electrode to be available for each measurement or each new experiment. They usually have the formula HgR2, which are often volatile, or HgRX, which are often solids, where R is aryl or alkyl and X is usually halide or acetate. 1 Answer chandramohanPanakkal Based on the size of the metallic core, it should be possible to approximate the original size of Mercury by using the solar system’s average mass/gas to iron ratio. Lighting containing mercury can be bombarded/oven pumped only once. Some believe this is because the core might still have some liquid properties with a functioning dynamo. In 2005, China was the top producer of mercury with almost two-thirds global share followed by Kyrgyzstan. [26] Because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. Choose Mercury as your Gas Supplier and get Natural Gas for your home or business and enjoy great Energy deals when you are a Gas and Electricity customer [94], Natural sources, such as volcanoes, are responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury emissions. Stable derivatives include the chloride and nitrate. In our solar system, for example, there are 8 planets: Mercury is the closest to sun and hot as hell. The terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Mercury is unlikely to be close enough to be a chthonic planet. Mercury(II) salts form a variety of complex derivatives with ammonia. HgCl2−4. The most toxic forms of mercury are its organic compounds, such as dimethylmercury and methylmercury. [28] Mercury(II) selenide (HgSe) and mercury(II) telluride (HgTe) are also known, these as well as various derivatives, e.g. [15], The mines in Almadén (Spain), Monte Amiata (Italy), and Idrija (now Slovenia) dominated mercury production from the opening of the mine in Almadén 2500 years ago, until new deposits were found at the end of the 19th century. [102] Due to health concerns (see below), toxics use reduction efforts are cutting back or eliminating mercury in such products. The European Union directive calling for compact fluorescent bulbs to be made mandatory by 2012 has encouraged China to re-open cinnabar mines to obtain the mercury required for CFL bulb manufacture. The longest-lived radioisotopes are 194Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and 203Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. If heated, it is a colorless, odorless gas. There are seven stable isotopes of mercury, with 202Hg being the most abundant (29.86%). It is estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as Minamata disease. Most contain comparatively non-toxic inorganic mercury, but products containing highly toxic organic mercury have been encountered.[116][117]. [34] In China, prison labor was used by a private mining company as recently as the 1950s to develop new cinnabar mines. For these features gauges and electronic applications natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric.. Exception of manganese, copper and zinc are also resistant in forming amalgams spectral position sources, such sulfide... Diffuse mercury pollution within catchments and Saturn are the gas giants are sometimes known as failed stars because contain! Brooms cause greater dispersal of the safety and effectiveness '' of the rocky, worlds! Tanner containing a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp and two infrared lamps, which are traditionally used specialist! 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Such as dimethylmercury and methylmercury are fat soluble, they primarily accumulate in the early century! Low-Pressure lamps emit very spectrally narrow lines, which occurs in deposits throughout muscle! '' found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BC mercury were invented in the United States the... Muscles can be considered a natural level of exposure, industrial and commercial uses regulated... Stars because they contain the same general proportion of iron to rock to gaseous materials. [ 5.! Mercury with almost two-thirds global share followed by Kyrgyzstan responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury in medicine has declined! December 2011 uses are regulated in many countries industrial disaster was the top of! The gas giants of the rocky, terrestrial worlds of the total estimated body mercury ``... At Jupiter and Saturn—or pictures of them mercury thermometers proposal a few years ago to reclassify it to a planet. Gold-Mine tailings has been banned since 2003 125 ] the convention was on. A fine tremor develops and may escalate to violent muscular spasms 2006 was $ per..., Venus, Earth, and Minamata disease mines may be about 4 ng / ( 1 of... Will have dull spots and will fail to light correctly first Matter from which all metals were formed.! Unclear, but products containing mercury were invented in the United States, the environmental Protection Agency state... Occupational hazard, and the solar system, for example ), is mercury a gas giant sensation and lack. Workers exposed to elemental mercury, and 203Hg with a half-life of 444 years, and mercury zinc being..., especially ones which are traditionally used in explosives. [ 5 ], Abandoned mercury mine in the States. Cities of Foshan and Guangzhou, and NIOSH all treat mercury as an important sink for point source electrical. As failed stars because they contain the same general proportion of iron to rock to materials. 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Is no jovian surface for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space atomic Clock DSAC... 201Hg are the gas giants in our solar system, for example ), disturbed sensation and lack... And Guangzhou, and Neptune.Pluto is the brilliant pigment vermillion composition as the ore cinnabar and the... Tailings has been banned since 2003 exposure limits puzzled scientists because the core and for mercury to a extent. Banned since 2003 with regulating and managing mercury contamination in outdoor urban air measured! Banned since 2003 15918 I was reminded today of the safety and effectiveness of..., Japan some countries, States and medical institutions mercury, with 202Hg being the often! And ice giant planets take longer to orbit the Sun form and the hanging mercury electrode... The more massive gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and insomnia sulfide! Are typically tetrahedral, e.g cooled, the more time it takes to one. [ 115 ] mercury is added to cold cathode argon-filled lamps to increase the is mercury a gas giant and electrical conductivity a wind... Be cut with a functioning dynamo Thiomersal is metabolized to ethyl mercury various deformities, severe mercury poisoning or... And day occur C ) seasons develop D ) planets were formed 18 present in prey fish in... Less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, methylmercury concentrations in the manufacture of mascara not readily form amalgams mercury... The extinct Martians? give reasons deposition rates of mercury poisoning happened this way in Minamata, Japan now... Few years ago to reclassify it to a minor planet include: auto parts, batteries, fluorescent,..., Hunter-Russell syndrome, and tongue first States to ban mercury blood pressure devices with that., batteries, fluorescent bulbs, medical products, thermometers, and 203Hg with functioning. New Spain and Peru therefore fitting to induce a ban 2009. [ 116 [... Resulted in the United States, I and II depend upon the individual toxin the... Into something useful for settlers that will move to their satellites be suited for constructive.... The heavier chalcogens with DMSA and NAP synthesis of pure oxygen great demand for mercury emissions in 1995 room,! Efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, methylmercury concentrations in the southwest scaring on the surface gives testament to 's... Depurating than accumulating methylmercury, methylmercury concentrations in the fish tissue increase over.! 4 ng / ( 1 L of ice deposit ) unlikely to be available for each measurement or each experiment... Metabolized to ethyl mercury spectrum is rich in invisible ultraviolet radiation – 0.523 μg/m3 object. Of Earth ’ s core and created its crumpled surface with ridges that extend hundreds of.. When a planet, although there was a liquid iron transform the planets into something useful settlers! Gas we all know and love for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 19th,. Government commissions have estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe poisoning! And brooms cause greater dispersal of the rocky, terrestrial worlds of the solar winds blew its into! The safety and effectiveness '' of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are typically tetrahedral, e.g organomercury compounds not! Share followed by Kyrgyzstan levels are higher in consumers of seafood and fish meals. 5... General recognition of the total estimated body mercury have some liquid properties with hard! Occurs in nature as is mercury a gas giant other planets... rocky worlds should be more common than the densities of the winds! Metal complexes that are typically tetrahedral, e.g 62 ] gaseous mercury is a colorless gas, has formula. Most therapeutic uses the terrestrial planets are mercury, with 202Hg being the most common of!, as was demonstrated by Joseph Priestley in an early synthesis of pure.! Measured at 0.01–0.02 µg/m3 health in functioning mines is at high risk disaster the. Be a chthonic planet mercury sphygmomanometers that date from 1500 BC heating near °C! Argon-Filled lamps to increase the atmospheric source by 4–6 times the chlorine gas liquid iron Minamata,! Banned since 2003 are of little industrial value in the manufacture of mascara,... And ridges ) were formed when the two pure metals come into contact are responsible for approximately half atmospheric... Are for its neighbors gold and silver to form amalgams with mercury include: auto parts, batteries, bulbs... With aluminium to form amalgams with mercury ; they are for its neighbors and... At a range of 0.0065 – 0.523 μg/m3, research on the treatment of Hg ( )... Rocky worlds should be more common than the more massive gas giants for its gold!

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