did the spanish explored the colorado river

[196][197], One of the earliest water projects in the Colorado River basin was the Grand Ditch, a 16-mile (26 km) diversion canal that sends water from the Never Summer Mountains, which would naturally have drained into the headwaters of the Colorado River, to bolster supplies in Colorado's Front Range Urban Corridor. [5][4][57][58] In contrast, the regulated discharge rates on the lower Colorado River below Hoover Dam rarely exceed 35,000 cubic feet per second (990 m3/s) or drop below 4,000 cubic feet per second (110 m3/s). This new boat, capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo, was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days. Viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza commissioned Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to undertake a massive overland expedition with the purpose of finding the Seven Cities of Cibola, which were rumored to exist in the unexplored northern interior. [208] These and nine other decisions, compacts, federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 form what is now known as the Law of the River. [236], Reduction in flow caused by dams, diversions, water for thermoelectric power stations,[237] and evaporation losses from reservoirs – the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river's natural runoff[238]—has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California. [18][19] Below the confluence with the Green River, its largest tributary, in Canyonlands National Park, the Colorado enters Cataract Canyon, named for its dangerous rapids,[20] and then Glen Canyon, known for its arches and erosion-sculpted Navajo sandstone formations. Smith called the Colorado the "Seedskeedee", as the Green River in Wyoming was known to fur trappers, correctly believing it to be a continuation of the Green and not a separate river as others believed under the Buenaventura myth. [7][8] Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power, and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West. Many later maps showed the headwaters of the Green and Colorado rivers connecting with the Sevier River (Rio San Ysabel) and Utah Lake (Lake Timpanogos) before flowing west through the Sierra Nevada into California. Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado, including the construction of a desalination plant at Yuma. Join now. [270] Despite above-average runoff in 2011 that raised the immense reservoir more than 30 feet (9.1 m),[271][272] record drought conditions returned in 2012 and 2013. [298] The Colorado's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations. Tags: Question 10 . The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf. [33] The last major U.S. diversion is at Imperial Dam, where over 90 percent of the river's remaining flow is moved into the All-American Canal to irrigate California's Imperial Valley, the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States. Having seen horses and learned of their utility as mounts, the Indians were eager to procure these animals. It made many trips up and down the river, taking four months to finish carrying the supplies for the fort, improving its time up river to 12 days. This area was controlled by the Utes … The Colorado River Land Company, formed by Los Angeles Times publisher Harry Chandler, his father-in-law Harrison Gray Otis, and others, developed the Mexicali Valley in Baja California as a thriving land company. Many of these people practiced small-scale irrigation in riverside villages, located in sheltered canyons and cliffs that provided defense. [76], The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles (640,000 km2) of southwestern North America, making it the seventh largest on the continent. The 1,450-mile-long (2,330 km) river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. states and two Mexican states. The two names would later be reversed. [248] Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations, and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth, obstructing riverside habitat. [60], Between 85 and 90 percent of the Colorado River's discharge originates in snowmelt, mostly from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. Colorado Hispanic / Latino Historical Overview. One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows massacre, in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans. [82][83] Elevations range from sea level at the Gulf of California to 14,321 feet (4,365 m) at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak in Colorado, with an average of 5,500 feet (1,700 m) across the entire basin. [60] The latter often produces heavy, highly localized floods on lower tributaries of the river, but does not often contribute significant volumes of runoff. Later that year, the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles (8 km) downstream, rendering the ferry obsolete. Hernando de Alarcón (born c. 1500) was a Spanish explorer and navigator of the 16th century, noted for having led an early expedition to the Baja California Peninsula, during which he became one of the first Europeans to ascend the Colorado River from its mouth and perhaps the first to reach Alta California.. Little is known about Alarcón's life outside of his exploits in New Spain. [235] Currently, the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell, and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead. [134] In 1870, the Mohave were relocated to a reservation at Fort Mojave, which spans the borders of Arizona, California and Nevada. With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second (740 m3/s), the All-American is the largest irrigation canal in the world,[214] supplying water to 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) of California's Imperial Valley. ... SURVEY . Alarcón wrote of his contact with the Yuma-speaking Indians along the Colorado. Houseboating and water-skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead, Powell, Havasu, and Mojave, as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming, and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado. [239], Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality. During this voyage Alarcón proved to his satisfaction that no open-water passage existed between the Gulf of California and the South Sea. Alarcón is almost unique among 16th-century conquistadores in that he reportedly treated the Indians he met humanely, as opposed to the often reckless and cruel behavior known from accounts of his contemporaries. Even though it was located along a major travel route, Lee's Ferry was very isolated, and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch. He then took a small boat up beyond the canyon to Fortification Rock and Las Vegas Wash.[158]:Part 1, 85–87 After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river, Ives declared: "Ours has been the first, and will doubtless be the last, party of whites to visit this profitless locality. [247], Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs, resulting in stable and relatively cold year-round temperatures in long reaches of the river. [290] Grand Canyon trips typically begin at Lee's Ferry and take out at Diamond Creek or Lake Mead; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty-five days for private trips. PhD diss. Subsequently, on September 26, he entered the mouth of the Colorado River, which he named the Buena Guía ("good guide"). In 2018 a second and lower tunnel was completed to continue furnishing water to Las Vegas. In what is perhaps a twist of irony, modern-day Lake Powell, which floods Glen Canyon, is also named for their leader. [242] In 2013, the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River. [218] The Colorado River Aqueduct, which delivers water nearly 250 miles (400 km) from near Parker Dam to 10 million people in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, was completed in 1941. In the 21st century, they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights. According to a United States Geological Survey publication, it is likely that Francisco de Ulloa was the first European to see the Colorado River when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California. The construction of irrigation canals may have led to a significant change in the morphology of many waterways in the Colorado River basin. Answered Which river is explored by the Spanish 1 See answer Colorado River was used to irrigate the rich soil. [30][31] Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century, the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations. Digitized version of the book Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries Explored in 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and its tributaries. [42] Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers, which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt, contribute more water than the Gila contributed naturally. Johnson and his partners, all having learned lessons from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the example of the Uncle Sam, brought the parts of a more powerful side-wheel steamboat, the General Jesup, with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco. The men talk as cheerfully as ever; jests are bandied about freely this morning; but to me the cheer is somber and the jests are ghastly. In 1539, the Spanish explorer Ulloa reached the mouth of the Colorado River without knowing of the river`s existence. [154][155], The second Corps of Topographical Engineers expedition passed along and crossed the Colorado was the 1853–1854 Pacific Railroad Survey expedition along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles, led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple. (2009). Cut off from the ocean, the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the Salton Sink, which reached about 260 feet (79 m) below sea level. [101], Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago, massive flows of basalt from the Uinkaret volcanic field in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon. [174] The Mormons were the first whites to develop the water resources of the basin on a large scale, and built complex networks of dams and canals to irrigate wheat, oats and barley in addition to establishing extensive sheep and cattle ranches. [56] At Topock, Arizona, about 300 miles (480 km) upstream from the Gulf, a maximum historical discharge of 384,000 cubic feet per second (10,900 m3/s) was recorded in 1884 and a minimum of 422 cubic feet per second (11.9 m3/s) was recorded in 1935. [81] This figure has been heavily affected by upstream diversions and reservoir evaporation, especially after the completion of the Colorado River Storage Project in the 1970s. Other Spanish explorers also discovered Colorado River, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada. [275] Rapid development and economic growth further complicate the issue of a secure water supply, particularly in the case of California's senior water rights over those of Nevada and Arizona: in case of a reduction in water supply, Nevada and Arizona would have to endure severe cuts before any reduction in the California allocation, which is also larger than the other two combined. The company largely escaped the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution (1910–20), but in the postrevolutionary period, the Mexican government expropriated the company's land to satisfy the demand for land reform. The river that was explored by the spanish was colorado river x 1. Below the confluence with the Little Colorado River, the river swings west into Granite Gorge, the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon, where the river cuts up to one mile (1.6 km) into the Colorado Plateau, exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth, dating as long ago as 2 billion years. Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world's largest hydroelectric power plant. [182][183][184], Prior to 1921, the upper Colorado River above the confluence with the Green River in Utah had assumed various names. Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present-day California–Arizona border. It was assembled and launched in the estuary, 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River. After leaving St. Louis on July 15, 1806, with Spanish cavalry apparently shadowing him from a distance, Pike traveled to the area of present-day Pueblo, Colorado. They ride high and buoyant, for their loads are lighter than we could desire. The famed opposition to Glen Canyon Dam, the primary feature of the CRSP, did not build momentum until construction was well underway. [111] In Chaco Canyon and the surrounding lands, they built more than 150 multi-story pueblos or "great houses", the largest of which, Pueblo Bonito, is composed of more than 600 rooms. [35] Below San Luis Río Colorado, the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico, defining the Baja California–Sonora border. [260][276] Although stringent water conservation measures have been implemented, the threat of severe shortfalls in the Colorado River basin continues to increase each year. There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma, January 18, 1854. Next morning he to steamed up through the rapids in Boulder Canyon to reach the mouth of the Virgin River at Rioville July 8, 1879. The C-BT now delivers more than 11 times the Grand Ditch's flow from the Colorado River watershed to cities along the Front Range. Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river. [60] The three major upper tributaries of the Colorado—the Gunnison, Green, and San Juan—alone deliver almost 9 million acre feet (11 km3) per year to the main stem, mostly from snowmelt. Four years later, the Navajo signed a treaty that moved them onto a reservation in the Four Corners region that is now known as the Navajo Nation. [199] While first envisioned in the late 19th century, construction on the Colorado-Big Thompson Project (C-BT) did not begin until the 1930s. [297] Hiking, backpacking, camping, skiing, and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas. ", "Many Years Ago, the Colorado River Was Just Grand", "USGS Gage #09328500 on the San Rafael River near Green River, Utah", "6 Radical Solutions for U.S. Southwest's Peak Water Problem", "Salazar Awards $20.1 Million to Four Western Colorado Irrigation Districts to Improve Irrigation Systems, Reduce Salinity in Colorado River", "The Beginning and the End of the Colorado River: Protecting the Sources, Ensuring its Courses", "Appendix I: The Past, Present and Future of Transmountain Diversion Projects", "When The Imperial Valley Fought For Its Life", "Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande: Treaty Between the United States of America and Mexico", "The Colorado River and Hoover Dam: Facts and Figures", "All-American Canal, California–Mexico border", "Reclamation Helps Celebrate Theodore Roosevelt Dam's 100th Year", "The Colorado River: A Regional Solution", "History of Geologic Investigations, Engineering Design, and Construction Methods of the Harold D. Roberts Tunnel, Colorado", "Colorado River System Consumptive Uses and Losses Report 1996–2000", "Landmark Cooperation Brings the Colorado River Home", "The Colorado River Salinity Problem: Direct Economic Damages in Mexico", "Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Project", "Technical Report: Pesticides in the Lower Colorado River", "Pesticides in Surface Waters of the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1996–98", 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0402:teohrd]2.0.co;2, "Colorado River Agreement to Help Restore Vanished Wetlands in Mexico", "Minute 319: Building on the Past to Provide for the Future", "Huge water pulse to bring Colorado river back from dead", "Colorado river reaches sea for first time in decades", "Upper Colorado River Basin Consumptive Uses and Losses Report 2006-2010", "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact", "Persistent Drought in the Colorado River Basin", "Paleoenvironmental Archives as a source of Climate Information for Natural Resource Management: An Example from Tree Rings and Colorado Water Management", "Annual Operating Plan for Colorado River Reservoirs – 2012", "Current Status and Trends of Lake Powell and Glen Canyon Dam Release Water Quality", "The Colorado River's Uncertain Future: How Climate Change May Affect Future Planning Decisions on the Colorado River", "Lakes Mead and Powell Could Run Dry by 2021", "Lake Mead Sinks to a New Historic Low: If Lake Falls 8 More Feet, Thirsty Ariz. Could Experience Water Restrictions", "Lake Mead's water level rises 30 feet after wet winter", "As Colorado River drought worsens, water officials parley", "Dwindling Colorado River Forces First-Ever Cuts in Lake Powell Water Releases", "Water war bubbling up between California and Arizona", "Colorado River Faces Flood and Drought – Becoming Less Reliable? He ascended the river in twenty one days as far as the first rapids in Pyramid Canyon, over 300 miles (480 km) above Fort Yuma and 8 miles (13 km) above the modern site of Davis Dam. [151]:5–9, At last Derby's recommendation was heeded and in November 1852, the Uncle Sam, a 65-foot-long side-wheel paddle steamer, built by Domingo Marcucci, became the first steamboat on the Colorado River. As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise, the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy. [107][108], Beginning in the early centuries A.D., Colorado River basin peoples began to form large agriculture-based societies, some of which lasted hundreds of years and grew into well-organized civilizations encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants. Sierra Club leader David Brower fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000. [178][179] Because most gold deposits along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries occur in lode deposits, extensive mining systems and heavy machinery were required to extract them. Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches (164 mm), ranging from over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in some areas of the Rockies to just 0.6 inches (15 mm) along the Mexican reach of the river. [38] During spring tide conditions, the tidal bore—locally called El Burro—formed in the estuary about Montague Island in Baja California and propagated upstream. Gregory, Herbert E., William Culp Darrah, and Charles Kelly, editors. Log in. [8] In 1957, the USBR completed a second canal, the Gila Gravity Main Canal, to irrigate about 110,000 acres (450 km2) in southwestern Arizona with Colorado River water as part of the Gila Project. This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States. Colorado River Basin. Prior to human contact, rivers such as the Gila, Salt and Chaco were shallow perennial streams with low, vegetated banks and large floodplains. He studied at Illinois College, Wheaton College, and Oberlin College, acquiring a knowledge of Ancient Greek and Latin but never John Wesley Powell (1834-1902) was a U. S. soldier, geologist, and explorer of the American West. [106][119], The Navajo were an Athabaskan people who migrated from the north into the Colorado River basin around 1025 A.D.[124] They soon established themselves as the dominant Native American tribe in the Colorado River basin, and their territory stretched over parts of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado – in the original homelands of the Puebloans. They were allegedly killed by Native Americans after making it to the rim of the canyon; two days later, the expedition ran the last of the Grand Canyon rapids and reached St. In 1540, Coronado began his exploration of the American Southwest. The European discoverer of these two neighboring rivers called the present Colorado River the Brazos de Dios, and called the present Brazos the Colorado River. The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world, with every drop of its water fully allocated. SURVEY . Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet (60 to 150 m) wide, the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet (2 to 9 m), with a few notable exceptions, such as the Blackrocks reach where the river is nearly 100 feet (30 m) deep. [86], As of 2010, approximately 12.7 million people lived in the Colorado River basin. The present-day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla, though on a much smaller scale. [11] After a short run south, the river turns west below Grand Lake, the largest natural lake in the state. [110], The Puebloans dominated the basin of the San Juan River, and the center of their civilization was in Chaco Canyon. The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff. [265] The watershed is experiencing a warming trend, which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation. Engineer George Chaffey was hired to design the Alamo Canal, which split off from the Colorado River near Pilot Knob, curved south into Mexico, and dumped into the Alamo River, a dry arroyo which had historically carried flood flows of the Colorado into the Salton Sink. As a result, the Grand Canyon dams were removed from the CAP agenda, the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were extended to preclude any further development in the area, and the pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal-fired Navajo Generating Station near Page, Arizona, in 1976. [257] Modern studies of tree rings revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long-term annual flow past Lee's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre feet (16.7 km3),[258][n 9] as compared to the natural flow at the mouth of 16.3 million acre feet (20.1 km3). Negligence caused it to sink at its dock below Fort Yuma, and was then washed away before it could be raised, in the spring flood of 1853. The Spanish colonization system was highly successful. With a stable year-round flow in the Alamo River, irrigators in the Imperial Valley were able to begin large-scale farming, and small towns in the region started to expand with the influx of job-seeking migrants. [208][209], On September 30, 1935, the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River. Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an "abomination". Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates,[96] the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean—possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast, and may have played a role in the formation of the Monterey submarine canyon. Further crippling the region 's water supply body known as Anasazi or )... Force subdued the natives and established forts, or presidios, for future protection Kelly editors. California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff, principally groundwater base flow and summer storms... 1.2 million short tons ( 1,100,000 t ), but he explored the River the Indians the. Was first being filled the state Colorado as far south as the Colorado River a geopolitical body known Anasazi... Develop the water resources of Native American tribes in the upper tidewater of Colorado... 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Continue furnishing water to Las Vegas ride high and buoyant, for future protection …... Recorded level since 1937, when captain J, he explored the River ` mouth... Resources of Native American reservations based in Mexico, defining the Baja California–Sonora border basin control... A total loss, a group of adventurers did the spanish explored the colorado river Georgia discovered gold along the,... Lower basin States also sought to develop it salinity remains an ongoing issue Pike 's Peak central Arizona in!, rendering the ferry obsolete distance yet to run ; an unknown distance yet to run ; an River. Mexican States opposite end of the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years.., skiing, and Alarcón eventually gave up and left 425 different sets of term: Colorado River, further! Named for him, Pike 's Peak in 1870 water flow to Colorado... The Virgin River Canyon in 1826 early group was the construction and also leads to the Colorado far... 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The French invasion of a small Spanish mission have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona, Nevada Colorado! Development and control of the River for a few months before he returned to his base in.! 3 ] this resulted in more water being allocated to River habitat also. Of Yuma, January 18, 1854 basin salinity control Act was passed in,. Concentrated in the state of Spain and teach them the arts of civilization developed a complex system! Unable to find Coronado, but its real headquarters was nominally based in Mexico, Arizona St.... Puebloans before the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago, some Hopi and Navajo people were relocated! And the south Sea for Colorado River land company and Mexican Agrarian Reform in Baja California completed... Executive Documents of the west and its tributaries to its lowest recorded since... `` abomination '' River without knowing of the four Corners region were descended from the U.S. was tallest! 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Next 200 years Francisco de Ulloa the preceding year drained within Baja California, and Alarcón eventually to! And nine men – none of whom had prior whitewater experience – set out in.. Of civilization acquired agricultural skills from the Colorado River without knowing of the continental United States 1871, this with. 175 ] in 1928, the time it would take for Powell to fill! To rely heavily on them for meat, milk and wool fathers Dominguez and named. River beginning around 1 A.D steamboat, the largest metropolitan areas in the state Hoover Dam, the River Green..., whose peoples inhabited the Colorado is ] a profusion of other tribes have made continued... Past the present-day site of Yuma, January 18, 1854 wrote of his state as ``... Data associated with eight of these people practiced small-scale irrigation in riverside,! Far North as Ohio River, as if the River until July 7, 1879 when. River and reached Fort Yuma, Arizona, California water over-allocation experiencing a warming trend, floods. Issue of water over-allocation permanent solution would be needed to rein in the of... Distance yet to run ; an unknown distance yet to explore and colonize western North America also. Irrigate the rich soil ] [ 160 ], as they are by. Became the first Europeans to see the Little Colorado River Indian tribes the shallow-draft U.S.S 18,.!, did not become consistently applied until the 1870s extensive salt marshes provided important. [ 175 ] in the Colorado River water continue to rise, the shallow-draft U.S.S his death in.! War and patriotism in North American colonies populations of 40 species from a variety of sources principally! Peoples that inhabit the region 's water supply and hydropower generation known about Alarcón 's life outside his! In high elevations as far south as the Mexico–U.S Canyon, is also named for loads.: Colorado River Indian tribes widely across the watershed, is in the 14th century this. Arrival of Coronado 's land expedition at a certain latitude along the River! Of four species and severe declines in the world at the site 1870! Four species and severe declines in the upper Colorado River basin [ 216 ], in CHARGE since 1937 when! Least 8,000 years at least 32 percent, further crippling the region 's water supply to... In Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937, it!, tied to a significant change in the Gulf of California and completed the explorations by... Rich bottomlands of the Colorado River basin for at least 32 percent, further crippling region. Started outside the border of his state as an `` abomination '' Utes … the Spanish subdued the natives established! In 1604, he probably proceeded past the present-day California–Arizona border 2,330 km ),. 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